Abstract:

The article below attempts to dive into the mysterious nature of white holes. It begins with addressing the meaning and understanding of white holes. Further, the intriguing theories revolving around the white holes, which indeed make them special and significant to understand, are also addressed. Attempts are made to understand the behavior of white holes and the challenges that arise from their presence in the mysterious cosmos. The article dwells on the hypothetical problems and solutions that might arise by accepting their presence in this universe and how the white holes disobey the classical laws of physics. The relationship between white holes and black holes and the connection between wormholes and white holes can be considered the highlights of this research.

1. Introduction:

First, let us begin by understanding what these white holes are and why they are intriguing, mysterious, and hypothetical at the same time. So let us consider a simple example to understand this concept. To understand white holes thoroughly, we will try comparing them with black holes, as black holes are a well-known concept. Consider a steep mountain in a blanket of cosmos—so steep that almost nothing can reach the top. This resembles a white hole! And it is fantastic that we can relate white holes to black holes very easily with this idea. Black holes can be considered a deep pit present in this blanket. But to understand the white hole, we must also think about stability. Unlike the much-known black holes, white holes are unstable and considered to be hypothetical. Additionally, there is an amazing theory surrounding white holes proposing that they can be born out of black holes, which are on the verge of death. As a long-lasting relic, this concept of a white hole may offer a potential solution to the information paradox. Also, according to the article published by space.com [10], white holes are nothing but black holes that travel back in time. Another beauty of these entities is that they are thought to be the opposite of black holes and have the potential to create new universes, a hypothesis that is mathematically validated.

Now that we know about this concept of white holes, let's peep into what it looks like. Matter that has gathered around the horizon in the past is shown to be moving away from the center of a white hole, according to the Schwarzschild coordinate description of the entity. A black hole and a white hole might not be that different from one another. When observed externally and for a limited duration, it might be impossible to differentiate between a white hole and a black hole.

Fig1.1 (Pictorial representation of the White Hole)

The above picture is an imaginary representation of a white hole. Isn’t it interesting to dive deep into the connection between black holes and white holes? The article will take you through that journey, but before that, we should travel through the world of the creation of these mysterious hypothetical entities.

1.1 Creation of White Holes (WH):

Now that we have an idea about the strange concept of white holes, we can dwell upon its creation. We know that white holes may act exactly oppositely to black holes. But do you know that a black hole might itself turn into a white hole? Amazing right? Carlo Roveli talks about this in his book titled, "Loop Quantum Gravity," which is a theory that suggests a black hole can bounce and change into a white hole, which is illustrated in the above picture. Karl Schwarzschild developed Einstein's theory of general relativity in 1916, the year the theory was initially published, and white holes arose from the solutions of the theory.

A model for a black hole's whole life cycle can be found in the quantum tunneling of a black hole into a white hole, and surprisingly, a black hole's formation, evaporation, tunneling to a white hole, and final gradual decay are all parts of a single process that conforms to recognized physics theories.

Fig. 1.2 (Creation of White Holes)

Have a look at the above image to understand this concept. Carlo Roveli writes in his book about the possibility of a bounce converting black holes into white holes. This hypothesis implies that humans might be the result of a "big bounce" by speculating on the likelihood of a universe erupting from a white hole and producing something akin to the huge bang. Other theories also suggest that the evaporation of a black hole is directly proportional to its ability to tunnel into white holes.

1.2 Behaviour of White Holes:

We have an idea that white holes behave just contrary to black holes. According to Roveli, matter falling into a black hole is expected by quantum mechanics to bounce back as a white hole, which changes our perception of space and time. We have an idea about the behavior of black holes, which might help us determine the behavior of white holes. This is the comment of NASA on black holes: "It is a great amount of matter packed into a very small area—think of a star ten times more massive than the Sun squeezed into a sphere approximately the diameter of New York City. The result is a gravitational field so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.”

Fig. 1.3 (Representation of white hole)

We can think of white holes as the exact opposite of them, maybe like an entity that may scatter matter around the cosmos. Firstly, we need to understand that we do not know how these entities might be. We may proceed to understand the behavior only by accepting one or two theories surrounding it to be true, while the real sciences do not have any proof of their existence. Now the question arises of how a black hole does not allow light to escape; will it be possible that a white hole behaves exactly the opposite by distributing light in all regions? Now the answer to this question seems to be difficult to brainstorm considering various factors of standard physics and human observation of the universe. If this is accepted to be true, then the enormous amount of light that might be emitted by these entities should have been detected by advanced devices. One may ask: What might be the chances that the matter that white holes seem to expand in the universe is the same as that of the matter that is present in the interior of the black hole? A good suggestion for a sci-fi movie indeed!

Hence, it again remains ambiguous whether to accept the behavior of the white hole as the exact opposite of the white hole or whether there are other accepts that we are not looking into. According to some, a white hole is merely a spacetime's time reversal where gravitational collapse into a black hole takes place. But because it violates the rules of classical physics and thermodynamics, the debate related to its very existence seems to be increasing.

1.2 Importance of these marvelous entities:

As white holes remain a mysterious figure to study, they can also answer questions related to the already-known universe. As discussed earlier, it may happen to be the reason for the death of a black hole. We can come up with a white hole as a theory alongside many of the preexisting theories and contemplate the fate of dark black holes A white hole's metric is the outcome of implementing Einstein's equations. It might also be the reason for the creation of the entire universe—probably a theory similar to the Big Bang!

Additionally, there is another theory that looks into white holes based on the available knowledge of black hole thermodynamics. With the known cosmos, we understand that black holes can originate and evaporate in a closed, self-gravitating system if the conventional theories of quantum black-hole thermodynamics are accurate.

Based on the same, white holes should be able to form and vanish if such a system likewise exhibits time-reversible behavior. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate whether white hole particle-creation effects may be reliably included in the description of a quantum self-gravitating thermodynamic system. There may be various such theories searching for answers related to the visible universe inside the white hole, and this is the reason why their study is significant. What if we get insights related to dark energy and dark matter through white holes (if they exist)? What if we could understand more about quantum physics through them? Additionally, what if we discover a few much more marvelous laws of natural physics through this enigmatic beauty?! These are the questions that result in a thirst to know more about them.

2. Relationship with Blackholes, Time, and Wormholes:

Until now, we have understood much about white holes while considering the nature and studies related to black holes. While understanding the behavior of white holes, we also looked into the behavior of black holes. A black hole is something where matter gets attracted and might never be returned due to its immense gravitational pull. In the article above, we already discussed how black holes can be the reason for the existence of white holes and how white holes might be the exact opposofe to the same.

Fig2.1(The Blackholes)

After keeping theories surrounding time and thermodynamics aside, one may dwell upon the horrors of the nature of black holes and white holes. Uncertainties related to the interior of black holes may also lead to predictions of the interior of white holes. Consider an example of an entity (say, a planet) around a black hole. The black hole will attract the planet itself due to its massive gravitational pull. Now there can also be a possibility that the planet has outpaced the known human time calculations and may now be in the past or future. But rather than considering time, if the planet remains inside the black hole for a large amount of time, surviving the interior conditions of the black hole, will that planet also survive inside the white hole? Whether the white hole will return the planet to its original state or not is the question that arises after accepting the proposed theory of white hole creation. Consider a black hole as the death of an entity; can we coin a white hole as the birth of the same entity or a completely different matter provided by white holes?

Time dilation is something we can also brainstorm about. Time tends to behave slowly near the black hole. So what about the calculations related to the gravity of the white hole? Mathematically, it might be possible that the time near the white hole is infinity. But for that, the gravity of the white hole must be zero, and every entity compulsorily possesses some mass. This is the reason why the relationship between time and the white hole becomes complicated!

The above picture introduces us to the concept of wormholes. As per NASA, “A wormhole is like a tunnel between two distant points in our universe that cuts the travel time from one point to the other. ” It's a shortcut to unknown hidden places in the cosmos. Let us return to the example that we considered above. If a planet enters a black hole, it might directly travel towards the white hole after assuming that white holes and black holes are joined together via a wormhole. Fascinating and intriguing! It is one of the many possibilities surrounding the white holes. The concept of the multiverse is known to many. Many questions arise from accepting these truths, such as whether the planet entered a black hole that is connected with a white hole through a wormhole in the same universe or whether an enigmatic and completely new universe is its fate.

3. How do they challenge physics?

As already discussed, the white holes may be solutions to many known problems and equations, but the challenge that arises after accepting their nature as true is enormous. A white hole is a hypothetical entity that violates standard laws of physics and thermodynamics. If considered to be the twin of a black hole with opposite properties, we will have to consider the gravity to be zero, which is not the case for any known particle. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy (randomness of the particle) can never be negative. However, the same is not true for white holes. Their entropy is considered to be negative based on the assumptions already made. The existence of white holes might be the answer to many questions, but in the end, new and much more complex questions are originated by that entity.

4. Conclusion:-

The white holes are one of the most mysterious and fascinating yet hypothetical entities. Despite their hypothetical nature, the possibility of their existence is still uncertain. The differences between white holes and black holes are very interesting topics to dwell upon. Even after acknowledging the debate between its origins and the laws of nature, white holes have the potential to answer many of the questions that life on Earth is looking for. Their possible relationship with wormholes is also amazing. The important study further ahead is time and its relation to the white hole and the answers to many mysterious curiosities in the ocean of the cosmos.

5. References:-

[1] Eardley, D.M., 1974. Death of white holes in the early universe. Physical Review Letters, 33(7), p.442. DOI:-https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.442

[2] Bianchi, E., Christodoulou, M., d’Ambrosio, F., Haggard, H.M. and Rovelli, C., 2018. White holes as remnants: a surprising scenario for the end of a black hole. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 35(22), p.225003. DOI:-10.1088/1361-6382/aae550

[3] Cho, A., 2008. Test of Hawking's prediction on the horizon with mock'white hole'. DOI:-10.1126/science.319.5868.1321a

[4] Gaztanaga, E., 2023. Do White Holes Exist?. Universe, 9(4), p.194.DOI:-https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9040194

[5] Rovelli, C. and Vidotto, F., 2018. Small black/white hole stability and dark matter. Universe, 4(11), p.127.DOI:- https://doi.org/10.3390/universe4110127

[6] Pachankis, Y., 2022. White hole observation: An experimental result. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 7(2), pp.779-790. .DOI:-https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360849

[7] Kardashev, N.S., Lipatova, L.N., Novikov, I.D. and Shatskiy, A.A., 2014. Observational effects in black and white holes (dynamical wormholes). Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 119, pp.63-69..DOI:-https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776114060144

[9] Credits Fig1.1:-(https://www.astronomy.com/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/WhiteHole.jpg?resize=600%2C338 )

[10] Credits Fig1.2:-(space.com and https://forumias.com/blog/concept-of-white-hole-universe-may-have-resulted-out-of-a-big-bounce/ )

[11] Credits Fig1.3:-(https://thebrighterworld.com/detail/Unraveling-the-Mystery-of-White-Holes-Could-These-Hypothetical-Objects-Really-Exist/NTM1MA )

[12] Credits Fig2.1:-(Event Horizon telescope origanization, https://www.nasa.gov/universe/what-are-black-holes/ , https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-is-a-black-hole-grades-k-4/ )

[13] Credits Fig2.2:-(https://www.space.com/35522-stop-talking-about-wormholes.html )