#Multi-Spectral-Astronomy

This lecture outlines the impact of atmospheric turbulence on astronomical imaging and the role of adaptive optics (AO) in mitigating these effects. Turbulence causes temperature and refractive index fluctuations, distorting light phase and reducing image quality. Key concepts include the temperature structure function, phase structure function, Fried parameter 𝑟 , and angular separation θ , all of which quantify turbulence. AO systems counteract these distortions using a reference star, wavefront sensor, and deformable mirror, producing clearer images. Empirical models like the Hufnagel-Valley model help predict turbulence behavior, guiding AO system adjustments for optimal celestial observations.

the lecture highlighted the critical role of adaptive optics in astronomy, enhancing the sensitivity and resolution of large telescopes like the upcoming 30-Meter Telescope (TMT). By counteracting atmospheric distortion, adaptive optics enable clearer observations of celestial objects. The TMT, with its 30-meter diameter mirror and international collaboration, aims to answer fundamental questions about star formation, dark matter, and extrasolar planets. The lecture emphasized the importance of expanding discovery space in astronomy and the growing need for data scientists to analyze vast datasets, showcasing the ongoing evolution and excitement within the field.

Radio astronomy studies celestial objects using radio waves, offering insights beyond optical observations. The Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is a major facility that has advanced research on cosmic phenomena, from solar emissions to pulsars and cosmic magnetism. Recently upgraded, GMRT now offers broader frequency coverage and improved sensitivity, enhancing observational quality. The Square Kilometer Array (SKA), an international project, aims for unprecedented sensitivity, targeting early universe studies, dark energy, and SETI. With vast data demands and global collaboration, SKA represents the future of radio astronomy, expected to redefine our cosmic understanding when operational by 2024.